Abstract
Digital marketing is an integral part of digital transformation in indus
try. It is critical to use design of experiments to conduct online experiments for
network and others. Online experiments often involve multiple platforms, including desktop computers from different manufacturers, different types of mobiles
and smart watches of different brands. A sliced factorial design is a suitable choice
for designing online experiments with multiple platforms. We provide a general
theory for sliced factorial designs and propose sliced generalized wordlength patterns to construct such designs for any number of platforms. The theory uses the
characteristics of parallel flat design-based sliced factorial designs to construct
optimal sliced factorial designs. For practical use, several constructed designs
are provided in the Supplementary Material, enabling practitioners to efficiently
design and analyze online experiments across multiple platforms.
Information
| Preprint No. | SS-2024-0224 |
|---|---|
| Manuscript ID | SS-2024-0224 |
| Complete Authors | Zijian Han, Dongying Wang, Fasheng Sun, Peter Chien |
| Corresponding Authors | Peter Chien |
| Emails | peter.chien@wisc.edu |
References
- Akg¨un, A., B. Maier, D. Preis, B. Roth, R. Klingelh¨ofer, and J. B¨uchs (2004). “A novel parallel shaken bioreactor system for continuous operation”. Biotechnology progress 20(6), 1718– 1724.
- Bareither, R. and D. Pollard (2011). “A review of advanced small-scale parallel bioreactor technology for accelerated process development: Current state and future need”. Biotechnology progress 27(1), 2–14.
- Burman, M. H. (1995). “ New results in flow line analysis”. Ph. D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Cheng, C.-S. (2014). “ Theory of factorial design”. Chapman and Hall/CRC Boca Raton, FL, USA.
- Connor, W. S. and S. Young (1961). “Fractional factorial designs for experiments with factors at two and three levels”. US Government Printing Office. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/ tr/pdf/AD0700470.pdf.
- Edwards, D. J. and R. W. Mee (2023). “Structure of nonregular two-level designs”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 118(542), 1222–1233.
- Gill, N. K., M. Appleton, F. Baganz, and G. J. Lye (2008). “Design and characterisation of a miniature stirred bioreactor system for parallel microbial fermentations”. Biochemical engineering journal 39(1), 164–176.
- Guo, Q., X. Deng, and P. Chien (2025). “Multi-layer sliced design and analysis with application to ai assurance”. Technometrics accepted. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706. 2025.2537033.
- Haizler, T. and D. M. Steinberg (2021). “Factorial designs for online experiments”. Technometrics 63(1), 1–12.
- Kong, X., M. Ai, and K. L. Tsui (2018). “Flexible sliced designs for computer experiments”. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 70, 631–646.
- Mandenius, C.-F. (2016). “ Bioreactors: design, operation and novel applications”. John Wiley & Sons.
- Mee, R. W. (2009). “ A comprehensive guide to factorial two-level experimentation”. Springer.
- Mukerjee, R. and C. F. J. Wu (2006). “ A modern theory of factorial design”. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Nahas, N., M. Nourelfath, and D. Ait-Kadi (2009). “Selecting machines and buffers in unreliable series-parallel production lines”. International Journal of Production Research 47(14), 3741–3774.
- Qian, P. Z. G. (2012). “Sliced latin hypercube designs”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 107(497), 393–399.
- Qian, P. Z. G. and C. F. J. Wu (2009). “Sliced space-filling designs”. Biometrika 96(4), 945–956.
- Sadeghi, S., P. Chien, and N. Arora (2020). “Sliced designs for multi-platform online experiments”. Technometrics 62(3), 387–402.
- Sadeghi, S., T. Hung, P. Chien, and N. Arora (2024). “A sliced design approach for conducting an industry email campaign with four platforms”. New England Journal of Data Science 2(3), 311–322.
- Tang, B. and L. Y. Deng (1999). “Minimum g2-aberration for nonregular fractional factorial designs”. The Annals of Statistics 27(6), 1914–1926.
- Verbiest, F., T. Cornelissens, and J. Springael (2019). “A matheuristic approach for the design of multiproduct batch plants with parallel production lines”. European Journal of Operational Research 273(3), 933–947.
- Wang, C. and R. W. Mee (2021). “Two-level parallel flats designs”. The Annals of Statistics 49(5), 3015–3042.
- Wu, C. F. J. and M. S. Hamada (2021). “ Experiments: planning, analysis, and optimization”. John Wiley & Sons.
- Wu, C. F. J. and H. Xu (2001). “Generalized minimum aberration for asymmetrical fractional factorial designs”. The Annals of Statistics 29(4), 1066–1077.
- Xi, S., J. M. Smith, Q. Chen, N. Mao, H. Zhang, and A. Yu (2022). “Simultaneous machine selection and buffer allocation in large unbalanced series-parallel production lines”. International Journal of Production Research 60(7), 2103–2125.
- Yang, J., M. Q. Liu, and D. K. J. Lin (2014). “Construction of nested orthogonal latin hypercube designs”. Statistica sinica 24(1), 211–219.
- Zhang, R. and D. Park (2000). “Optimal blocking of two-level fractional factorial designs”. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 91(1), 107–121. KLAS and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
Acknowledgments
Han, Wang and Sun are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12371259 and 11971098), the Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities, China (No. 2412023YQ003), and the
National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFA
0714102 and 2022YFA1003701). Peter Chien and Fasheng Sun are the corresponding authors. We would like to thank the editor, associate editor and
two referees for their useful comments, which have significantly improved
the article.
Supplementary Materials
The online Supplementary Material provides optimal (sN, 2ns)-designs among
E(d0, P) and proofs of the theoretical results.