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³Ð©Ò®É¡A§»Æ[ªº³W¹º¤¤§Y´¦¥Ü¼Æ²z²Î­p¡B¥Íª«²Î­p¡B¤u·~²Î­p¡BªÀ·|²Î­p¥|¶µ¬ã¨s»â°ì¡F©Ò¤ºª×ªêÂÃÀs¡A¬ã¨s¤H­ûªº¤j¾Ç­I´º¦³¨Ó¦Û¼Æ¾Ç¡B²Î­p¡B¹q¾÷¡B¹AÃÀ¡B¤ß²zµ¥¤£¦P¾Ç¨t¡A¬ã¨s§U²z°áªº«h°£¤W­zªº¾Ç¨t¥~¡A©|¦³¨Ó¦Û¸ê¤u¡B¸êºÞ¡B¤uºÞ¡BÀô¬ì¡B¤À¤l¥Íª«µ¥¾Ç¨t¡C¥»©Òªñ¦~¼W¥[¦X§@¬ã¨s­pµe¡A©Û¦¬°ê¨¾§Ð¬ã¨s§U²z¡A¦b¦U»â°ì¦P¤¯ªº¼ç¤ßºë¶i¤Î©^Äm¤U¡A§Î¦¨¥»©Ò¦h¼Ë©Ê¥\¯àªº¬ã¨sÀô¹Ò¡C¥»©Ò¦h¦~¨Ó°ö¨|ªº¬ã¨s§U²z©Î¬ã²ß¥Í¤¤¡A¤w¦³¬°¼Æ¤£¤Ö¦¨¬°¾Ç¦¨¦^°êªº¦~»´²Î­p¾ÇªÌ¡A¬°¥»©Ò¤Ü¦~¨Ó­«­n¦¨ªG¤§¤@¡CŲ©ó­tÓD®ü¥~ªº²Î­p¾Ç¤lªñ¦~¨Ó·U¤Ö¡A¥»©Ò¤µ¦~°_±N«ì´_´¿¿ì¹L¨â©¡ªº¬ã²ß¥Í¨î«×¡A¥H¸¹¥l¤H¤~¡A°ö¨|¨ã¦³»·¨£ªº²Î­p¾Ç®a¡C

§Ú¸û³ßÅw©Î¶É¦V°Ñ»P¦X§@¬ã¨s­pµe¡A¨s¨ä­ì¦]¡A1985¦~©³Á|¿ì¡uÂå¾Ç²Î­p¬ã²ß·|-Á{§É¸ÕÅç¡v¡A·Ç³Æ±Ð§÷®É¡AŪ¨ì¤@¥y"All scientific work is liable to be upset or modified by advancing knowledge." ¡eµù¤G¡f¡AÀò±o¤@¨Ç±Òµo¡C¨ä¹ê¡A¬ã¨s¤u§@¨Ã¤£À³¯U¸qªº¤G¤À¬°²z½×»PÀ³¥Î¨â­Ó½dÃ¥¡F¨âªÌ¤§¶¡¬O¤¬°Êªº¡A¦Ó«D¬Û¥¸ªºÃö«Y¡C¦X§@¬ã¨s­pµe¤£À³³æ«üÀ³¥Î©Ê¬ã¨s¡A§ó«D®{«ü¬ã¨s¸g¶OªºÃe¤j¡F­«­nªº¬O«ü¤£¦P»â°ìªº¦X§@ªÌ¤§¶¡ªº¾Ç³N¥æ¬y¡A¥i¿EÀú¡BÂ×´I¡B§ó·s¤Î¿Ä¦X¦U¤l­pµe»â°ìª¾ÃÑ¡A¨Ï¦¨¬°¤@·s¿³ªº½ÒÃD¡C§Ú¼y©¯ªº¡A°£¤Fª¾ÃѪº¥æ¬y¥~¡A¦X§@ªÌ¬Ò¯à©¼¦¹©Z¸Û¡B®e§Ô»P¤¬«H¡A°ö¾i¹Î¶¤ºë¯«¡C

¤T¦~¨Ó¡A«Ü·PÁ¦P¤¯­Ìªº¹ªÀy¡B¨ó§U¤Î¥]®e¡AÅý§Ú¦b¦æ¬F¤u§@¤W¯à¦³¬°¤j®aªA°Èªº¾÷·|¡C¤×¨ä¡A¦b»¯©Òªø»PÃQ©Òªø±a»â¤U©Ò³þ©wªº¨}¦n­·®ð»P½d¦¡¡A¦æ¬F¦P¤¯­Ìªº»{¯u§V¤O¡B¥ô³Ò¥ô«è¡A³£¬O¥»©Ò¾ú¤[À±·sªº°ò¬W¡C«Üºa©¯ªº¡AªY³{¥»©Ò³Ð¥ß¤Ü¶g¦~¼y¡AÂÔ­z¤ß¸ô¡AÄ@¤j®a¦@¦P¦X§@¡A¬°¥»©Ò¶}®i§ó¹ñ·sªº®ð¶H¡C

¡eµù¤@¡f ¦¹¤D°Ñ¦ÒProfessor Bradley Efronªº½×ÂI¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\Kolata, G. (1984). "The Art of Learning from Experience." Science, 225, 156-158.

¡eµù¤G¡f½Ð°Ñ¾\Hill, A. B. (1965). "The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?" Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58, 295-300

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